Non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys containing large-atom metals

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys represented by the general formula: Fe—Mn-(Q)-B-M, wherein Q represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, and M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Cr, Co, Mo, C and Si. Typically the atomic percentage of the Q constituent is 10 or less. FIG.  2 B represents a differential thermal analysis plot for several exemplary alloys according to the invention.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 USC § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/475,185, filed Jun. 2, 2003, 60/513,612, filed Oct. 23, 2003 and 60/546,761, filed Feb. 23, 2004, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

US GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with United States Government support under ONR Grant No. N00014-01-10961 awarded by the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency/Office of Naval Research. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Bulk-solidifying amorphous metal alloys (a.k.a. bulk metallic glasses) are those alloys that can form an amorphous phase upon cooling the melt at a rate of several hundred degrees Kelvin per second or lower. Most of the prior amorphous metal alloys based on iron (i.e., those that contain 50 atomic percent or higher iron content) are designed for magnetic applications. The Curie temperatures are typically in the range of about 200-300° C. Furthermore, these previously described amorphous iron alloys are obtained in the form of cylinder-shaped rods, usually three millimeters or smaller in diameter, as well as sheets less than one millimeter in thickness.

Recently, a class of bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous metals have been described that exhibit suppressed magnetism, relative to conventional compositions, while still achieving acceptable processibility of the amorphous metal alloys and maintaining superior mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance properties. These alloys are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/364,123 and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US03/04049, (the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference). These previously described amorphous alloys, which are non-ferromagnetic at ambient temperature, are multicomponent systems that contain about 50 atomic percent iron as the major component. The remaining composition combines suitable mixtures of metalloids and other elements selected mainly from manganese, chromium, and refractory metals. In addition these amorphous alloys exhibited improved processibility relative to previously disclosed bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous metals, and this improved processibility is attributed to the high reduced glass temperature Trg (e.g., 0.6 to 0.63) and large supercooled liquid region (ΔTx (e.g., about 50-100° C.) of the alloys. However, the largest diameter size of amorphous cylinder samples that could be obtained using these alloys was approximately 4 millimeters.

There is a strong desire for bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous alloys, which are non-ferromagnetic at ambient temperature and exhibit a higher degree of processibility than previously disclosed alloys. The present invention relates to amorphous steel alloys that comprise large atom inclusions to provide a non-ferromagnetic (at ambient temperature) bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous alloys with enhanced glass formability. Large atoms are characterized by an atom size ratio of ˜1.3 between the large atom and iron atom, and their inclusion in the alloy significantly improves the processibility of the resulting amorphous steel alloy, resulting in sample dimensions that reach 12 millimeters or larger (0.5 inch) in diameter thickness.

SUMMARY OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to novel non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys represented by the general formula: Fe—Mn—Cr—Mo—B-M-X-Z-Q wherein M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; X represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C or Ni; and Q represents one or more large-atom metals. Typically, the total amount of the Q constituent is 3 atomic percents or less. In one embodiment the non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloy is represented by the general formula: Fe—Mn—Cr—Mo-(Q)-C—(B) and in another embodiment the alloy is represented by the general formula: Fe—Mn-(Q)-B—(Si), wherein the elements in parentheses are minor components. In accordance with one embodiment the improved non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys of the present invention are used to form articles of manufacture.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an x-ray diffraction pattern from exemplary sample pieces (each of total mass about 1 gram) obtained by crushing as-cast rods of an amorphous steel alloy of the present invention (DARVA-Glass101).

FIG. 2 illustrates a differential thermal analysis plot obtained at scanning rate of 10° C./min showing glass transition, crystallization, and melting in the present invention exemplary amorphous steel alloys of DARVA-Glass101. FIG. 2A represents the plot for the composition Fe_(65-x-y)Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo_(x)Q_(y)C₁₅B₆ and FIG. 2B represents the plot for the composition Fc_(64-x-y)Cr₁₅Mo_(x)Q_(y)C₁₅B₆, wherein Q is Y or a lanthanide element.

FIG. 3A illustrates an x-ray diffraction pattern for Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄Er₂C₁₅B₆ obtained by using crushed pieces (mass˜1 gram) from an injection-cast 10 mm-diameter rod. FIG. 3B represents a camera photo of a 10 mm-(top) and 12 mm-diameter (bottom) glassy rods as well as the sectioned surface of a small segment fractured from a 12 mm-diameter glassy rod.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate x-ray diffraction pattern from exemplary samples of DARVA-Glass1 (FIG. 4A) and DARVA-Glass101 (FIG. 4B) for the same annealing time and temperature.

FIGS. 5A & 5B illustrate differential thermal analysis plots obtained at scanning rate of 10° C./min showing glass transition, crystallization, and melting in several exemplary amorphous steel alloys of DARVA-Glass201. The partial trace is obtained upon cooling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Definitions

In describing and claiming the invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.

As used herein, the term “reduced glass temperature (Trg)” is defined as the glass transition temperature (TG) divided by the liquidus temperature (TL) in K.

As used herein, the term “large supercooled liquid region (ΔTx)” is defined as crystallization temperature minus the glass transition temperature.

As used herein, the term “large-atom metals” refers to elements having an atom size ratio of approximately 1.3 or greater relative to the iron atom. These include the elements Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

As used herein, the term “iron-based alloy” refers to alloys wherein iron constitutes a major component of the alloy. Typically, the iron-based amorphous alloys of the present invention have an Fe content of approximately 50%, however, the Fe content of the present alloys may comprise anywhere from 35% to 65% iron.

As used herein, the term “amorphous alloy” is intended to include both completely amorphous alloys (i.e. where there is no ordering of molecules), as well as partially crystalline alloys containing crystallites that range from nanometer to the micron scale in size.

Embodiments

The present invention relates to non-ferromagnetic (at ambient temperature) bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous alloys that have been prepared using large atom inclusions to enhance the glass formability of the alloy. In one embodiment the improved non-ferromagnetic (at ambient temperature) bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous alloys of the present invention are completely amorphous. Large atoms, as the term is used herein, are characterized as having an atom size ratio of approximately 1.3 or greater relative to iron. Inclusion of such large atoms, including ytrium and the lanthanide elements, in non-ferromagnetic iron-based amorphous alloys significantly improves the processibility of the resulting amorphous steel alloy. More particularly, in one embodiment, iron-based amorphous alloys, comprising at least 45% iron, are prepared using commercial grade material to create alloys that can be processed into cylinder samples having a diameter of 5 millimeters or greater. In one embodiment iron-based amorphous alloys, comprising at least 45% iron, are prepared using commercial grade material to create alloys that can be processed into cylinder samples having a diameter of 7 millimeters or greater.

The alloys of the present invention represent a new class of castable amorphous steel alloys for non-ferromagnetic structural applications, wherein the alloys exhibit enhanced processibility, (relative to previously disclosed bulk-solidifying iron-based amorphous alloys) magnetic transition temperatures below ambient temperatures, mechanical strengths and hardness superior to conventional steel alloys, and good corrosion resistance. Furthermore, since the synthesis-processing methods employed by the present invention do not involve any special materials handling procedures, they are directly adaptable to low-cost industrial processing technology.

Introduction of large atoms into amorphous steel alloys leads to the destabilization of crystal phase due to severe atomic level stress, resulting in the (relative) stabilization of the amorphous phase instead. Additionally, the large-atom and metalloid elements employed in the present invention alloys exhibit large negative heats of formation and these two groups of atoms associate strongly in the liquid state to form a reinforced structure that further stabilizes the glass. In accordance with one embodiment an iron-based amorphous alloy with enhanced glass formability properties is prepared comprising one or more large-atom elements selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. In one embodiment the large-atom element is selected from the group consisting of Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

Several classes of non-ferromagnetic ferrous-based bulk amorphous metal alloys have been previously described. For example, one previously described class of ferrous-based bulk amorphous metal alloys is a high manganese-high molybdenum class that contains manganese, molybdenum, and carbon as the principal alloying components. This class of Fe—Mn—Mo—Cr—C—(B) [element in parenthesis is the minority constituent] amorphous alloys is known as the DARPAVirginia-Glass1 (DARVA-Glass1). Another known class of ferrous-based bulk amorphous metal alloys is a high-manganese class that contains manganese and boron as the principal alloying components. This class of Fe—Mn—(Cr,Mo)—(Zr,Nb)—B alloys is known as the DARVA-Glass2. By incorporating phosphorus in DARVA-Glass1, the latter is modified to form Fe—Mn—Mo—Cr—C—(B)—P amorphous alloys known as DARVA-Glass102. These bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys can be obtained in various forms and shapes for various applications and utilizations. However, it is anticipated that the glass formability properties as well as other beneficial properties of such ferrous-based bulk amorphous metal alloys can be improved by the addition of large-atom elements in the alloy. More particularly, the improved iron based bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys of the present invention can be prepared from commercial grade material and processed into cylinder samples having a diameter of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 millimeters or even greater.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an iron-based amorphous alloy with enhanced glass formability properties is provided wherein the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)M_(d)X_(r)Z_(s)Q_(g)  I wherein M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb;

X represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta;

Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C, Co or Ni;

Q represents one or more large-atom metals wherein the sum of the atomic percentage of said large-atom metals is equal to g;

n, m, p, q, d, r, s and g are atomic percentages, wherein

-   -   n is a number selected from 0 to about 29;     -   m and p are independently a number selected from 0 to about 16,         wherein n+m is at least 10;     -   q is a number selected from about 6 to about 21;     -   r and d are independently selected from 0 to about 4;     -   s is a number selected from 0 to about 20;     -   g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 10;         and

t is the sum of n, m, p, q, r, s, d and g, with the proviso that t is a number selected from about 40 to about 60. In accordance with one embodiment, an alloy of the general formula I is provided wherein M is an element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; X is an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C, Co or Ni; and Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. In accordance with another embodiment an alloy of the general formula I is provided wherein Fe content is at least about 45%, Z is carbon, s is about 13 to about 17, q is at least about 4, d and r are both 0, and the sum of m, p and g is less than about 20. In a further embodiment, an alloy of the general formula I is provided wherein Fe content is at least about 45%, Z is carbon and s is about 13 to about 17, q is at least about 4, d and r are both 0, the sum of m, p and g is less than about 20 and Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

In another embodiment the improved alloy of the present invention is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g)  II

wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu,

n is a number selected from 0 to about 12,

m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10,

p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16,

s is at least about 13;

q is at least about 5;

g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 3; and t is the sum of n, m, p, q, s and g, with the proviso that the sum of p and g is less than about 16, and t is not greater than about 55. In one embodiment t is a number selected from about 38 to about 55 and Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. In one embodiment an alloy of general formula H is prepared wherein t is a number selected from about 45 to about 55; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu and the alloy further comprises 2% or less of other refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta) and 2% or less of “Group B” elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb. In one embodiment an alloy of general formula II is prepared using commercial grade materials and can be processed into cylinder samples having a diameter of 5 millimeters or greater.

Moreover, in another embodiment, phosphorus is incorporated into the MnMoC-alloys to modify the metalloid content, with the goal of further enhancing the corrosion resistance. Various ranges of thickness are possible. For example, in one embodiment, bulk-solidified non-ferromagnetic amorphous samples of greater than about 3 mm or 4 mm in diameter can be obtained. The phosphorus containing alloys of the present invention are represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g)P_(z) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm,

Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu,

n is a number selected from 0 to about 12,

m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10,

p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16,

s is at least about 13;

q is at least about 5;

g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 3;

z is a number selected from about 5 to about 12; and t is the sum of n, m, p, q, s, g and z, with the proviso that the sum of p and g is less than 16, and t is not greater than 55. In one embodiment t is a number selected from about 38 to about 55 and Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

In one embodiment the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

n is a number selected from about 7 to about 12;

m is a number selected from about 4 to about 6;

p is a number selected from about 8 to about 15,

g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3, and p+g equals a number selected from about 11 to about 15;

s+q equals at least 18; and

t is a number ranging from about 47 to about 53. In one embodiment, Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. In another embodiment, the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

n is a number selected from 0 to about 10;

m is a number selected from about 4 to about 16;

p is a number selected from about 8 to about 12,

g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3, and p+g equals a number selected from about 11 to about 14;

s is a number selected from about 14 to about 16;

q is a number selected from about 5 to about 7; and

t is the sum of n, m, p, q, s and g, and is a number selected from about 46 to about 54. 6 mm-diameter or larger amorphous rods are obtained in the compositional domain using this alloy. Furthermore, 7 mm-diameter or larger amorphous rods are obtained in the compositional domain using an alloy represented by the formula Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

n is a number selected from 0 to about 2;

m is a number selected from about 11 to about 16;

p is a number selected from about 8 to about 12,

g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3, and p+g equals a number selected from about 11 to about 14;

s is a number selected from about 14 to about 16;

q is a number selected from about 5 to about 7; and

t is the sum of n, m, p, q, s and g, and is a number selected from about 47 to about 53. In one embodiment an alloy of formula II is provided wherein Q is Y or Gd; n is about 5 to about 10; m is a number selected from about 4 to about 6; g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3, and p+g equals a number selected from about 14 to about 15; s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16; q is about 6; and t is a number selected from about 47 to about 51. In a further embodiment, Q is Y or Gd; n is about 10; m is about 4; g is about 2; p+g equals about 14; s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16; q is about 6; and t is a number selected from about 47 to about 51. In one embodiment an alloy of formula II is provided wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is about 5 to about 10; m is a number selected from about 4 to about 6; g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3, and p+g equals a number selected from about 14 to about 15; s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16; q is about 6; and t is a number selected from about 47 to about 51.

In another embodiment of the present invention the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g)  III wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

m is a number selected from about 10 to about 20;

p is a number selected from about 5 to about 20;

q is a number selected from about 5 to about 7;

s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16;

g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3; and

t is the sum of m, p, q, s and g, and is a number selected from about 47 to about 55. In one embodiment an alloy of general formula III is prepared wherein m is a number selected from about 12 to about 16; p is a number selected from about 10 to about 16; q is a number selected from about 5 to about 7; s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16; g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 47 to about 55.

In accordance with one embodiment the improved alloy of the present invention comprises an alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)B_(q)Si_(d)X_(r)Q_(g)Ni_(s)  IV wherein X is an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ta or Nb;

Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

n is a number selected from about 10 to about 29;

m is a number selected from 0 to about 4, wherein n+m is at least 15 but less than 30;

d and r are numbers independently selected from 0 to about 4;

q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21, wherein d+q is less than or equal to 23;

g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8;

s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20; and

t is the sum of n, m, q, r, d, s and g, with the proviso that t is a number ranging from about 35 to about 55. In a further embodiment an alloy of general formula IV is prepared wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; m is 0, q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; d is a number ranging from about 1 to about 2; r is a number selected from about 2 to about 3; s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about 55. In a further embodiment an alloy of general formula IV is prepared wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; m and r are both 0, q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; d is a number ranging from about 1 to about 2; s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about 55. In a further embodiment an alloy of general formula IV is prepared wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; m, d and r are each 0, q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about 55.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the improved alloy has the general formula Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)X_(r)B_(q)Q_(g) wherein X is an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ta or Nb; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; r is a number selected from about 2 to about 3; q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is the sum of n, r, q and g, and is a number selected from about 45 to about 55.

In another embodiment the improved alloy of the present invention comprises an alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)B_(q)Si_(d)Mo_(r1)Nb_(r2)Ta_(r3)Ni_(s)Q_(g)  V

wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

n is a number ranging from 15 to about 29;

m is a number ranging from 0 to about 4, wherein

-   -   n+m is at least 15;

q is a number ranging from about 17 to about 21;

r1, r2 and r3 are independently selected from 0 to about 4;

d is a number ranging from 0 to about 4;

s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20;

g is a number ranging from about 4 to about 8; and

t is the sum of n, m, q, r1, r2, r3, d, s and g, with the proviso that t is a number ranging from about 40 to about 65. In a further embodiment an alloy of general formula V is prepared wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number ranging from 15 to about 29, m is a number ranging from 0 to about 4, wherein n+m is at least 15, q is a number ranging from about 17 to about 21, r1, r2 and r3 are independently selected from 0 to about 4, d is a number ranging from 0 to about 4, s is 0, g is a number ranging from about 4 to about 8, and t is a number ranging from about 45 to about 55.

Similar to previously disclosed amorphous steel alloys, the addition of about 10 atomic percent or higher manganese and chromium significantly suppresses the ferromagnetism. Only spin-glass-like magnetic transitions at 20-30 K are observed in magnetization measurements performed at 100 Oe applied field. Compositions of the present invention reveal that DARVA-Glass101 (i.e. DARVA-Glass1 alloys modified to include large-atom metals), which contain significantly higher molybdenum content than conventional steel alloys, exhibit much of the superior mechanical strengths and good corrosion resistance similar to DARVA-Glass1.

Preliminary measurements in one embodiment of the present invention show microhardness in the range of about 1200-1300 DPN and 1000-1100 DPN for Fe—Mn—Cr—Mo—(Y,Ln)—C—B and Fe—Mn—Y—Nb—B alloys, respectively. Based on these microhardness values, tensile fracture strengths of 3-4 GPa are estimated. The latter values are much higher than those reported for high-strength steel alloys. Also similar to previous amorphous steel alloys, the present invention is expected to exhibit elastic moduli comparable to super-austenitic steels, and good corrosion resistance properties comparable to those observed in amorphous iron- and nickel-based alloys. Preliminary measurements of elastic constants place the Young's moduli at ˜180-210 GPa and bulk modulus at ˜140-180 GPa for DARVA-Glass101, and corresponding moduli of ˜190 GPa and ˜140 GPa for DARVA-Glass201 (i.e. DARVA-Glass2 alloys modified to include large-atom metals).

Although improved glass formability is generally seen in adding yittrium (Y) or lanthanides (Ln) to Glass1, the largest improvements are found when Y or Ln elements from the latter half of the lanthanide series are selected. One class of improved iron-based amorphous alloys is a modified DARVA-Glass1 known as DARVA-Glass101 [Fe—Mn—Cr—Mo—(Y,Ln)—C—(B) type] alloys, where the Y or Ln content is preferably 3 atomic percents or less. As-cast amorphous rods of up to 12 mm or larger can be obtained in DARVA-Glass101. Another other class iron-based amorphous alloys is a modified DARVA-Glass2 known as DARVA-Glass201 [Fe—Mn—(Y,Ln)—B—(Si) type] alloys, where the preferred combined Y or Ln and Nb or Mo contents are less than 10 atomic percents. Casted amorphous rods of up to 4 mm can be obtained in DARVA-Glass201.

Owing to the high glass formability and wide supercooled liquid region, the amorphous alloys of the present invention can be prepared as various forms of amorphous alloy products, such as thin ribbon samples by melt spinning, amorphous powders by atomization, consolidated products, amorphous rods, thick layers by any type of advanced spray forming or scanning-beam forming, and sheets or plates by casting. Besides conventional injection casting, casting methods such as die casting, squeeze casting, and strip casting as well as other state-of the-art casting techniques currently employed in research labs and industries can also be utilized. Additionally, other “weaker” elements such as Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge, Sb, etc. which do not exhibit large negative heats of mixing with Fe, Cr, and Mo can be introduced to enhance the fluidity and therefore the processibility of the cast products. Furthermore, one can exploit the highly deformable behavior of the alloys in the supercooled liquid region to form desired shapes of amorphous or amorphous-composite products.

The present alloys may be devitrified to form amorphous-crystalline microstructures, or infiltrated with other ductile phases during solidification or melting of the amorphous alloys in the supercooled-liquid region, to form composite materials, which can result in strong hard products with improved ductility for structural applications. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the alloys can be made to exhibit the formation of microcrystalline γ-Fe upon cooling at a rate somewhat slower than the critical cooling rate for glass formation. In this case, the alloy can solidify into a composite structure consisting of ductile microcrystalline γ-Fe precipitates embedded in an amorphous matrix. In this way, high strength bulk microcrystalline γ-Fe composites materials can be produced and thus the range of practical applications is extended. In accordance with one embodiment, the volume fraction and size of the γ-Fe precipitates are influenced by the cooling rate and the amount of Ti and Ta in the alloy. For any given alloy composition, both the volume fraction and size of the quasi-crystalline precipitates increase with decreasing cooling rates.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an article of manufacture is provided wherein the article comprises an iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)M_(d)X_(r)Z_(s)Q_(g)  I wherein M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb;

X represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta;

Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C Co or Ni;

Q represents one or more large-atom metals wherein the sum of the atomic percentage of said large-atom metals is equal to g;

n, m, p, q, d, r, s and g are atomic percentages, wherein

-   -   n is a number selected from 0 to 29;     -   m and p are independently a number selected from 0 to 16,

wherein n+m is at least 10;

-   -   q is a number selected from 4 to 21;     -   r and d are independently selected from 0 to 4;     -   s is a number selected from 0 to 20;     -   g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to 10; and

t is the sum of n, m, p, q, r, s, d and g, with the proviso that t is a number selected from 40 to 60. In accordance with one embodiment, the article of manufacture comprises an alloy of the general formula I wherein M is an element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; X is an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C, Co or Ni; and Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. In accordance with another embodiment, the article of manufacture comprises an alloy of the general formula I wherein Fe content is at least about 45%, Z is carbon, s is a number selected from 13 to 17, q is a number selected from 4 to 7, d and r are both 0, and the sum of m, p and g is less than 20. In a further embodiment, the article of manufacture comprises an alloy of the general formula I wherein Fe content is at least about 45% to about 55%, Z is carbon, Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from 0 to about 15, m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 15 but less than 30, p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16, s is about 13 to about 17, q is at least about 4 to about 7, d and r are both 0, g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3, and t is a number selected from about 46 to about 54.

In accordance with another embodiment, an article of manufacture is provided wherein the article comprises an iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)X_(r)B_(q)Q_(g) wherein X is an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ta or Nb; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; r is a number selected from 2 to 3; q is a number selected from 17 to 21; g is a number selected from 4 to 8; and t is the sum of n, r, q and g, and is a number selected from 45 to 55.

The novel alloys of the present invention provide non-ferromagnetic properties at ambient temperature as well as useful mechanical attributes. For example, the present invention alloys exhibit magnetic transition temperatures below ambient, mechanical strengths and hardness superior to conventional steel alloys, and good corrosion resistance. Further advantages of the present alloys include specific strengths as high as, for example, 0.5 MPa/(Kg/m3) (or greater), which are the highest among bulk metallic glasses. Additionally the present alloys possess thermal stabilities that are the highest among bulk metallic glasses. The present alloys also have reduced chromium content compared to current candidate Naval steels, for example and can be prepared at significantly lower cost (for example, lower priced goods and manufacturing costs) compared with current refractory bulk metallic glasses.

Accordingly, the amorphous steel alloys of the present invention outperform current steel alloys in many application areas. Some products and services of which the present invention can be implemented include, but are not limited to 1) ship, submarine (e.g., watercrafts), and vehicle (land-craft and aircraft) frames and parts, 2) building structures, 3) armor penetrators, armor penetrating projectiles or kinetic energy projectiles, 4) protection armors, armor composites, or laminate armor, 5) engineering, construction, and medical materials and tools and devices, 6) corrosion and wear-resistant coatings, 7) cell phone and personal digital assistant (PDA) casings, housings and components, 8) electronics and computer casings, housings, and components, 9) magnetic levitation rails and propulsion system, 10) cable armor, 11) hybrid hull of ships, wherein “metallic” portions of the hull could be replaced with steel having a hardened non-magnetic coating according to the present invention, 12) composite power shaft, 13) actuators and other utilization that require the combination of specific properties realizable by the present invention amorphous steel alloys.

EXAMPLE 1

Ingot Preparation

Alloy ingots are prepared by melting mixtures of commercial grade elements (e.g. iron is at most 99.9% pure) in an arc furnace or induction furnace. In order to produce homogeneous ingots of the complex alloys that contained manganese, refractory metals, and metals of large-atom elements such as yittrium and the lanthanides, as well as the metalloids particularly carbon, it was found to be advantageous to perform the alloying in two or more separate stages. For alloys that contain iron, manganese, and boron as the principal components, a mixture of all the elements except manganese was first melted together in an arc furnace. The ingot obtained was then combined with manganese and melted together to form the final ingot. For stage 2 alloying, it was found preferable to use clean manganese obtained by pre-melting manganese pieces in an arc furnace.

In the case of alloys that contain iron, manganese, molybdenum, and carbon as the principal components, iron granules, graphite powders (about −200 mesh), molybdenum powders (about −200 to −375 mesh), and the large-atom elements plus chromium, boron, and phosphorous pieces were mixed well together and pressed into a disk or cylinder or any given mass. Alternatively, small graphite pieces in the place of graphite powders can also be used. The mass is melted in an arc furnace or induction furnace to form an ingot. The ingot obtained was then combined with manganese and melted together to form the final ingot.

Ingots with further enhanced homogeneity can be achieved by forming Mn—(Y or Lanthanide element) and FeB precursor ingots that were then used in place of Mn and B. In another embodiment, boron is alloyed with iron to form near-stochiometric FeB compound. The remaining Fe is then alloyed with Mo, Cr, C, and Sc, Y/Lanthanide element as well as the FeB precursor to form Fe—Mo—Cr—(Y/Ln)—C—B. If needed, additional elements such as other refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, Ta, W),Group B elements (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge, Sb), Ni, and Co can also be alloyed in at this stage. Should the alloy contain Mn, a final alloying step is carried out to incorporate Mn in the final product.

Glass Formability and Processibility

Regarding the glass formability and processibility, bulk-solidifying samples can be obtained using a conventional copper mold casting, for example, or other suitable methods. In one instance, bulk solidification is achieved by injecting the melt into a cylinder-shaped cavity inside a copper block. Alternatively, suction casting can be employed to obtain bulk-solidifying amorphous samples similar in size to the injection-cast samples. The prepared samples were sectioned and metallographically examined, using an optical microscope to explore the homogeneity across the fractured surface. X-ray (CuKα) diffraction was performed to examine the amorphicity of the inner parts of the samples. Thermal transformation data were acquired using a Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA). The designed ferrous-based alloys were found to exhibit a reduced glass temperature Trg in the range of ˜0.58-0.60 and supercooled liquid region ΔTx in the range of ˜30-50° C.

In the instant exemplary embodiment, the present invention amorphous steel alloys were cast into cylinder-shaped amorphous rods with diameters reaching 12 mm, or larger. Various ranges of thickness, size, length, and volume are possible. For example, in some embodiments the present invention alloys are processable into bulk amorphous samples with a range thickness of about 0.1 mm or greater. The amorphous nature of the rods is confirmed by x-ray and electron diffraction as well as thermal analysis (FIGS. 1 to 3 and 5 show some of the results).

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of DARVA-Glass101 and DARVA-Glass201 Amorphous Steel Alloys

Two classes of the non-ferromagnetic ferrous-based bulk amorphous met alloys of the present invention have been prepared. The alloys in the subject two classes contain about 50 atomic % of iron and are obtained by alloying two types of alloys with large-atom elements. The first type (MnCrMoQC-amorphous steel alloy or DARVA-Glass101) contains manganese, molybdenum, and carbon as the principal alloying components, wherein Q symbolizes the large-atom elements. The second type (MnQB-amorphous steel alloy or DARVA-Glass201) contains manganese and boron as the princ alloying components, wherein Q symbolizes the large-atom elements. For illustration purposes, more than sixty compositions of each of the two classes are selected for characterizing glass formability.

First, regarding the DARVA-Glass101 MnCrMoLgC-amorphous steel all these alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows: Fe_(100-a-b-c-d-e)Mn_(a)Cr_(b)Mo_(c)Q_(d)(C,B)_(e) wherein Q=Y and Lanthanide elements, and 12≧a≧0, 16≧b≧0, 16≧c≧8, 3≧d>0, e2≧18, and under the following constraints that the sum of c and d is less than 16, Fe content is at least about 45, C content is at least about 13%, and B content is at least about 5% in the overall alloy composition.

These alloys are found to exhibit a glass temperature T_(g) of 530-550° C. (or greater), T_(rg) of 0.58-0.60 (or greater) and supercooled liquid region ΔT_(x) of 30-50° C. (or greater). DTA scans obtained for typical samples are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. These alloys can be processed into shapes over a selected range of thickness. For example, in some embodiments the present invention alloys are processible into bulk amorphous samples with a range thickness of at least 0.1 mm or greater. Meanwhile the compositional range expressed in the above formula can yield sample thickness of at least 1 mm or greater. In an embodiment, the MnCrMoLgC-alloys can be readily cast into about 12 mm-diameter or larger rods. A camera photo of injection-cast amorphous rods is displayed in FIG. 3.

Alloys that contain Y and the heavier Ln (from Gd to Lu), which can form glassy samples with diameter thicknesses of 6-12 mm or larger, are found to exhibit significantly higher glass formability than those containing the lighter Ln (i.e. from Ce to Eu). For example, the Mn-rich Glass101 alloys can only form 2 to 3 mm-diameter glassy rods and the Cr-rich Glass101 can only form 2 to 6 mm-diameter glassy rods when they are alloyed with the lighter Ln. For the Y and heavier Ln bearing alloys, a maximum diameter thickness of up to 7-10 mm can still be attained if 2 at. % or less of other refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, Ta, W) and Group B elements (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge, Sb) are also added. As mentioned above, some of the latter additions are introduced to enhance the processibility of the present amorphous steel alloys.

Because of the moderately high viscosity, the melt must be heated to ˜150° C. above T_(l) in order to provide the fluidity needed in copper mode casting. As a result, the effectiveness in heat removal is compromised, which could limit the diameter of the amorphous rods in this embodiment. Upon additional alloying, thicker samples could also be achieved. The full potential of these alloys as processible amorphous stee alloys can be further exploited by employing more advanced casting techniques such as high-pressure squeeze casting. Continuous casting methods can also be utilized to produce sheets and strips. A variety of embodiments representing a number of typical amorphous steel alloys of the MnCrMoLgC class with C content of 15% and B content of 6% together with the typical diameter of the bulk-solidifying amorphous cylinder-shaped samples obtained and transformation temperatures are listed in Table 1. At present, it is found in one embodiment that alloys containing as low as about 19% combined (C, B) metalloid content can be bulk solidified into about 6 mm-diameter amorphous rods. These exemplary embodiments are set forth for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended in any way to limit the practice of the invention. TABLE 1 Thermal data obtained from differential thermal analysis (DTA) scans of typical DARVA-Glass101 MnCrMoLgC-type amorphous steel alloys. Listed in the right-hand column are amorphous rod diameter size, liquidus onset temperature T_(l) ^(onset), and peak temperature T_(l) ^(peak) (or final peak temperature T_(l) ^(peak/f) for non-eutectic melting) in the liquidus region. The size of the supercooled liquid region is about 30-50° C., and T_(rg) is 0.58-0.60. Results from DARVA-Glass1 that do not contain the large-atom metals are included for comparison. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Mo₁₄Cr₄C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1080° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1115° C. Fe₅₀Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₄Y₁C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 550° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1080° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Y₂C₁₅B₆ 7 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1070° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1090° C. Fe₅₂Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Yb₁C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1085° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₅₃Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₀Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1085° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₄₉Mn₁₀Cr₈Mo₁₀Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 550° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1090° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1130° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₁₀Mo₁₀Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 558° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1090° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1120° C. Fe₅₄Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₈Yb₃C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 523° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1085° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1115° C. Fe₄₉Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₄Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1078° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1100° C. Fe₅₃Mn₁₀Mo₁₄Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 4 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1060° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1085° C. Fe₄₉Mn₁₀Cr₈Mo₁₀Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 5 mm; T_(g) = 550° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1090° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1130° C. Fe₅₀Mn₇Cr₁₀Mo₁₀Yb₂C₁₅B₆ 5 mm; T_(g) = 558° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1090° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1120° C. Fe₅₀Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Yb₃C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1070° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₅₃Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₀Gd₂C₁₅B₆ 5 mm; T_(g) is not clear; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1080° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1100° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Gd₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) is not clear; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1080° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1100° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Dy₂C₁₅B₆ 7 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1065° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Er₂C₁₅B₆ 7 mm; T_(g) = 540° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1070° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1110° C. Fe₅₀Mn₉Cr₄Mo₁₄Er₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 535° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1070° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1095° C. Fe₅₀Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Er₃C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1075° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1100° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Tm₂C₁₅B₆ 7 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1070° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1105° C. Fe₅₁Mn₁₀Cr₄Mo₁₂Tb₂C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 530° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1060° C.; T_(l) ^(peak) = 1100° C. Fe₄₈Cr₁₃Mn₂Mo₁₄Er₂C₁₅B₆ 7 mm; T_(g) = 575° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1170° C. Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄Er₂C₁₅B₆ 12-13 mm; T_(g) = 570° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1100° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1160° C. Fe₅₀Cr₁₅Mo₁₂Er₂C₁₅B₆ 8 mm; T_(g) = 565° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1160° C. Fe₅₂Cr₁₅Mo₉Er₃C₁₅B₆ 6 mm; T_(g) = 535° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1170° C. Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄Dy₂C₁₅B₆ 11 mm; T_(g) = 570° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1165° C. Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄Y₂C₁₅B₆ 10 mm; T_(g) = 570° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1170° C. Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄Lu₂C₁₅B₆ 11 mm; T_(g) = 570° C.; T_(l) ^(onset) = 1105° C.; T_(l) ^(peak/f) = 1170° C. For alloys with 14.5-16% C and 6.5-6.0% B, and which also contain the heavier lanthanide elements, the effects on sample size due to large atom additions are summarized as follows: Fe_(100-a-b-c-d-e)Mn_(a)Cr_(b)Mo_(c)Q_(d)(C,B)_(e)

4 mm-diameter or larger amorphous rods are obtained in the compositional domain wherein 12≧a≧0, 16≧b≧0, 16≧c+d≧11, 3≧d≧21, 55>a+b+c+d+e>45; 6 mm-diameter or larger amorphous samples are obtained in the compositional domain wherein 10≧a, 16≧b≧4, 14≧c+d≧11, 3≧d≧2, 54>a+b+c+d+e>46; and 7 mm-diameter or larger amorphous samples are obtained in the compositional domain wherein 2≧a≧20, 16≧b≧114, 14≧c+d≧11, 32d≧2, 53>a+b+c+d+e>47.

The maximum attainable thicknesses for Cr-rich Glass101, when alloyed with the lighter lanthanide elements, are 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm for La, Nd, Eu, Ce, and Sm, respectively. Much of the latter results can be explained by noting that the actual amounts of lanthanide detected in these lighter lanthanide bearing alloys are significantly lower than the nominal lanthanide contents originally added. Apparently, the majority of the lanthanide contents form volatile oxides that evaporate from the melt.

Several features are noted in the investigated DARVA-Glass101 alloy series. Both T_(l) ^(onset) & T_(l) ^(peak) are seen to increase slightly with Cr content. T_(l) ^(onset) is seen to decrease slightly with 2-3 at. % of lanthanide additions. Meanwhile, T_(g) also rises with increasing Cr content, as illustrated in Table 1. The optimal contents of Y and the lanthanides for forming large size rods are at 2 to 3 at. %. Finally, the as-cast rod diameters of some of the alloys listed in Table 1 do not necessarily represent the maximum size attainable. This is because for these alloys, larger size rods have not been cast.

Based on DTA measurements and devitrification studies, a plausible mechanism of high glass formability in DARVA-Glass101 is proposed. From Table 1, it is demonstrated that the significant improvement in the glass formability upon adding the large-atom metals to DARVA-Glass1 to form DARVA-Glass101 is evidently not attributable to the T_(g) or T_(rg) values observed. This is because the change in T_(g) is not systematic upon adding large-atom metals to the high-Mn alloys, and T_(rg) remains at 0.6. As for the high-Cr alloys, T_(rg) is even lower at 0.58. Meanwhile, devitrification studies have provided some clues for understanding the enhanced glass formability. DARVA-glass101 is seen to exhibit a higher stability against crystallization than Glass1, as can be seen in FIG. 4. Comparing with DARVA-Glass1, the crystallization of 101 in forming the Cr₂₃C₆— phase (cF116 structure) is much delayed upon annealing both Glasses near the onset of their similar crystallization temperatures T_(x). The more sluggish crystallization kinetics of Glass101 may be attributed to the fact that the large-atom metals that are encaged inside the amorphous structure must be rejected from the glass during the nucleation and growth of the Cr₂₃C₆-phase. If confirmed, the latter scenario would lend evidence to the mechanism of enhanced glass formability from the melt via destabilization of the crystalline phase.

Regarding the DARVA-Glass201 MnLgB-amorphous steel alloys, these alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows: Fe_(100-a-b-c-d-e)(Mn,Cr)_(a)(NbTa,Mo)_(b)Q_(c)B_(d)Si_(e) wherein Q=Sc, Y and elements from the lanthanide series, and 29≧a≧10, 4≧b≧0, 8≧c≧4, 21≧d≧17, 4≧e≧0, with the proviso that the sum of d and e is no more than 23, Fe content is at least about 45, Mn content is at least 10, and Cr content is less than 4. The alloy composition can further be modified by substituting up to 20% Fe with Ni.

These alloys are found to exhibit a glass temperature T_(g) of about 520-600° C. (or greater), T_(rg) ˜0.58-0.61 (or greater) and supercooled liquid region ΔT_(x) of about 40-60° C. (or greater). DTA scans obtained from typical samples are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. These alloys can be processed into shapes over a selected range of thickness. For example, in some embodiments the present invention alloys are processable into bulk amorphous samples with a range thickness of at least 0.1 mm or greater. The compositional range expressed in the above formula can yield a sample thickness of at least 1 mm or greater. In one embodiment, the MnLgB alloys can be readily cast into amorphous rods of diameter of 4 mm.

The full potential of these alloys as processible amorphous steel alloys can be further exploited by employing more advanced casting techniques such as high-pressure squeeze casting. Continuous casting methods can also be utilized to produce sheets and strips. A variety of embodiments representing a number of typical amorphous steel alloys of the MnLgB class together with the typical diameter of the bulk-solidifying amorphous cylinder-shaped samples obtained and transformation temperatures are listed in Table 2A. Table 2B lists additional representative alloys and the typical sample sizes attainable. These exemplary embodiments are set forth for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended in any way to limit the practice of the invention. TABLE 2A Transformation temperatures of typical DARVA-Glass201 MnLgB-class amorphous steel alloys and diameter of bulk-solidifying cylinder-shaped amorphous samples obtained. T_(g) T_(x) T_(l) Amorphous Rod Alloy Composition (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) Diameter (mm) Fe₆₂Mn₁₈B₂₀ — 470 1180 — Fe₅₅Mn₁₈Y₁₀B₁₇ — 680 1100 — Fe₅₉Mn₁₈Y₃B₂₀ 520 560 1130 — Fe₅₇Mn₁₈Y₅B₂₀ 560 610 1130 2.0 Fe₅₅Mn₁₈Y₇B₂₀ — 665 1120 1.0 Fe₅₅Mn₁₈Nb₂Y₅B₂₀ 580 630 1120 3.5 Fe₅₄Mn₁₈Nb₂Y₆B₂₀ 590 650 1120 3.0 Fe₄₈Mn₂₅Nb₂Y₅B₂₀ 575 630 1110 3.0 Fe₅₀Mn₂₃Nb₂Y₅B₂₀ 580 640 1110 4.0 Fe₅₀Mn₂₃Mo₂Y₅B₂₀ 570 625 1180 3.0 Fe₄₈Mn₂₃Nb₂Y₅B₂₀Si₂ 600 660 1150 3.5 Fe₄₀Ni₁₈Mn₁₅Nb₂Y₅B₂₀ 550 593 1180 1.5

TABLE 2A Additional DARVA-Glass201 alloyse cross-sectional size of amorphous samples. Amorphous Rod Alloy Composition Diameter (mm) Fe₅₉Mn₁₈Y₅B₁₈ 1.0 Fe₅₄Mn₁₈Y₈B₂₀ 1.0 Fe₅₆Mn₁₈Y₄Er₂B₂₀ 2.0 Fe₅₄Mn₁₈Nb₃Y₅B₂₀ 1.5 Fe₅₃Mn₁₈Nb₃Y₆B₂₀ 1.5 Fe₅₄Mn₁₈Nb₂Y₅B₂₀Si₁ 3.5 Fe₅₀Mn₂₃Ta₂Y₅B₂₀ 2.0 Fe₅₀Mn₂₃Nb₂Gd₅B₂₀ 3.0 Fe_(48.5)Mn₂₁Cr₂Nb₂Y₅B₂₀Si_(1.5) 3.5 

1. An amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)M_(d)X_(r)Z_(s)Q_(g) wherein X is an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C, Co or Ni; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; M is an element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; n, m, p, q, d, r, s and g are atomic percentages, wherein n is a number selected from 0 to about 29; m and p are independently a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10; q is a number selected from about 6 to about 21; r and d are independently selected from 0 to about 4; s is a number selected from 0 to about 20; g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 10; and t is the sum of n, m, p, q, r, s, d and g, with the proviso that t is a number selected from about 40 to about
 60. 2. The alloy of claim 1, wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.
 3. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 4. The alloy of claim 1 or 2 wherein the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g) wherein n is a number selected from 0 to about 29; m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 15; p is a number selected from 0 to about 16; q is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; s is about 13 to about 17; g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 40 to about
 55. 5. The alloy of claim 4 wherein n is a number selected from 0 to about 12, m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 14, p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16, q is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; s is about 13 to about 17; g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about
 55. 6. The alloy of claim 2 wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is a number selected from 0 to about 12, m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10, p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16, q is at least about 5; r is a number selected from greater than 0 to about 2; d is 0; s is at least about 13; g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 38 to about
 55. 7. The alloy of claim 2 wherein n is a number selected from 0 to about 12, m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10, p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16, q is at least about 5; d is a number selected from greater than 0 to about 2; r is 0; s is at least about 13; g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 38 to about
 55. 8. The alloy of claim 1 or 2 wherein the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g) m is a number selected from about 10 to about 20; p is a number selected from about 5 to about 20; q is a number selected from about 5 to about 7; s is a number selected from about 15 to about 16; g is a number selected from about 1 to about 3; and t is the sum of m, p, q, s and g, and is a number selected from about 47 to about
 55. 9. The alloy of claim 1 or 2 wherein the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)Si_(d)X_(r)Ni_(s)Q_(g) wherein X is Ta or Nb; n is a number selected from about 10 to about 29; m is a number selected from 0 to about 4, wherein n+m is at least 15 but less than 30; p, d and r are numbers independently selected from 0 to about 4; q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21, wherein d+q is less than or equal to 23; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; s is a number ranging from 0 to about 20; and t is the sum of n, m, q, d, r, s and g, with the proviso that t is a number ranging from about 35 to about
 55. 10. The alloy of claim 9 wherein the alloy is represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mf_(n)B_(q)Si_(d)X_(r)Q_(g) wherein X is Ta or Nb; n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; d is a number ranging from 0 to about 2; r is a number selected from about 2 to about 3; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about
 55. 11. The alloy of claim 10 wherein d and r are both
 0. 12. An iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)B_(q)Si_(d)Mo_(r1)Nb_(r2)Ta_(r3)Ni_(s)Q_(g) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; m is a number selected from 0 to about 4, wherein n+m is at least 15; q is a number selected from about 17 to about 21; d is a number selected from 0 to about 4; r1, r2 and r3 are numbers independently selected from 0 to about 4; s is a number selected from 0 to about 20; g is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; and t is the sum of n, m, q, r1, r2, r3, d, s and g, with the proviso that t is a number selected from about 40 to about
 65. 13. The alloy of claim 12 wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.
 14. An iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)C_(s)Q_(g)P_(z) wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is a number selected from 0 to about 29; m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 10; p is a number selected from about 0 to about 16; q is at least about 4; s is at least about 13; g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 3; z is a number selected from about 5 to about 12; and t is the sum of n, m, p, q, s, g and z, with the proviso that the sum of p and g is less than 16, and t is not greater than
 55. 15. The alloy of claim 14 wherein Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.
 16. The alloy of claim 15 wherein n is a number selected from 0 to about 12; m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 15; p is a number selected from 8 to about 16; q is a number selected from about 4 to about 8; s is about 13 to about 17; g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to about 3; and z is a number selected from about 5 to about 12; and t is a number selected from about 40 to about
 55. 17. An alloy comprising an iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe₍ _(100-t))Mn_(n)Cr_(m)Mo_(p)B_(q)M_(d)X_(r)Z_(s)Q_(g) wherein M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; X represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf. Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of C, Co or Ni; Q represents one or more large-atom metals wherein the sum of the atomic percentage of said large-atom metals is equal to g; n, m, p, q, d, r, s and g are atomic percentages, wherein n is a number selected from 0 to 29; m and p are independently a number selected from 0 to 16, wherein n+m is at least 10; q is a number selected from 4 to 21; r and d are independently selected from 0 to 4; s is a number selected from 0 to 20; g is a number greater than 0 but less than or equal to 10; and t is the sum of n, m, p, q, r, s, d and g, with the proviso that t is a number selected from 40 to
 60. 18. The alloy of claim 17 wherein M is an element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sn, Si, Ge and Sb; X is an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, W and Ta; Z is carbon or Co; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; s is a number selected from 13 to 17; q is a number selected from 4 to 7; d and rare both 0, and the sum of m, p and g is less than
 20. 19. The alloy of claim 17 wherein Z is carbon; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is a number selected from 0 to about 15; m is a number selected from 0 to about 16, wherein n+m is at least 15 but less than 30; p is a number selected from about 8 to about 16; s is about 13 to about 17; q is at least about 4 to about 7; d and r are both 0; g is a number selected from about 2 to about 3; and t is a number selected from about 45 to about
 55. 20. The alloy of claim 17 wherein the article of manufacture comprises an iron-based amorphous alloy represented by the formula: Fe_((100-t))Mn_(n)X_(r)B_(q)Q_(g) wherein X is an element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ta or Nb; Q is an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; n is a number selected from about 15 to about 29; r is a number selected from 2 to 3; q is a number selected from 17 to 21; g is a number selected from 4 to 8; and t is the sum of n, r, q and g, and is a number selected from 45 to
 55. 21. A method of preparing homogeneous ingots of an iron-based amorphous alloy comprising large-atom metals, manganese and boron, said method comprising the steps of forming an FeB precursor ingot; forming a Mn-large-atom metal precursor ingot; melting and mixing the FeB precursor ingot with the remaining elements of the alloy, but excluding the Mn-large-atom metal precursor ingot, to form an alloy mixture; combining said alloy mixture with the manganese Mn-large-atom metal precursor ingot; and melting the combination together to form a homogenous ingot.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein said manganese is pre-melted in an arc furnace to provide a clean source of manganese prior to combining the manganese with the large-atom metal to form the Mn-large-atom metal precursor ingot.
 23. The method of claim 21 or 22 wherein boron is alloyed with iron to form near-stochiometric FeB precursor ingot, with the remaining Fe being alloyed with the remaining elements of the alloy prior to said combining step.
 24. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of less than about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 25. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 26. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 27. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 28. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 29. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 10 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 30. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 12 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 31. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
 32. The alloy of claim 31, wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction and commercially available manufacturing methods.
 33. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
 34. The alloy of claim 33, wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction and commercially available coating methods
 35. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said coating comprises corrosion resistant type coating and/or wear-resistant type coating.
 36. The alloy of claim 33, wherein said coating is disposed on a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 37. The alloy of claim 1, wherein said alloy is processable into a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 38. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of less than about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 39. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 40. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 41. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 42. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 43. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 10 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 44. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 12 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 45. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
 46. The alloy of claim 45, wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available manufacturing methods.
 47. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
 48. The alloy of claim 47, wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available coating methods
 49. The alloy of claim 47, wherein said coating comprises corrosion resistant type coating and/or wear-resistant type coating.
 50. The alloy of claim 47, wherein said coating is disposed on a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 51. The alloy of claim 12, wherein said alloy is processable into a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 52. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of less than about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 53. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 54. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 55. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 56. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 57. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 10 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 58. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 12 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 59. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
 60. The alloy of claim 59, wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available manufacturing methods.
 61. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
 62. The alloy of claim 61, wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available coating methods
 63. The alloy of claim 61, wherein said coating comprises corrosion resistant type coating and/or wear-resistant type coating.
 64. The alloy of claim 61, wherein said coating is disposed on a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 65. The alloy of claim 14, wherein said alloy is processable into a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 66. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of less than about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 67. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 68. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 69. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 70. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 71. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 10 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 72. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 12 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 73. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
 74. The alloy of claim 73, wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available manufacturing methods.
 75. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
 76. The alloy of claim 75, wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available coating methods
 77. The alloy of claim 75, wherein said coating comprises corrosion resistant type coating and/or wear-resistant type coating.
 78. The alloy of claim 75, wherein said coating is disposed on a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 79. The alloy of claim 17, wherein said alloy is processable into a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 80. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of less than about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 81. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 82. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 0.5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 83. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 84. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 5 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 85. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 10 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 86. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into bulk amorphous samples of at least about 12 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
 87. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into an article.
 88. The method of claim 87, wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction and commercially available manufacturing methods.
 89. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into a coating.
 90. The method of claim 89, wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, compaction, and commercially available coating methods
 91. The method of claim 89, wherein said coating comprises corrosion resistant type coating and/or wear-resistant type coating.
 92. The method of claim 89, wherein said coating is disposed on a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane frames, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components.
 93. The method of claim 21, further comprising processing said alloy into a structure selected from the group consisting of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames, airplane parts, ship parts, submarine parts, vehicle parts, airplane parts, armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, train rails, cable armor, power shaft, and actuators, engineering and medical materials and tools, cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings and components. 